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Aspergillus fumigatus ( A. fumigatus) is an environmental filamentous fungus and an opportunistic pathogen that can cause chronic and invasive aspergillosis. The development of aspergillosis is the result of the interaction between the host and the pathogen, and the symptoms of A. fumigatus infection varied in patients with different immune status. The host innate immune response to inhaled fungal spores is a key determinant of the development of aspergillosis. This review focused on the role of innate immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells and mast cells in host defense against A. fumigatus, aiming to provide reference for further research on the pathogenesis, clinical prevention and treatment of aspergillosis.
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Transplant rejection involves natural immune cells and acquired immune cells. For decades, acquired immune cells have been dominating the study of transplant immunity. Researchers have found the surprising new features of innate immune cells, including immune memory, which may be of great significance to further improve graft survival. The short-term survival rate of grafts is very good, but the long-term graft outcomes are less so and most transplants are eventually lost to chronic rejection in the clinic. In animal models and clinical studies, innate immune cells, especially macrophages and natural killer cells, often predominate the chronic rejection process which lead grafts lost. Recent studies suggest that innate immune cells are capable of acquiring adaptive features in that they either directly recognize the allografts or become "trained" in the allogeneic milieu to further acquire features of memory and donor specificity. In selected transplant models, targeting the adaptive features of innate immune cells has been shown to promote long-term graft survival. Clearly, these findings highlight new therapeutic opportunities in further improvement of transplant outcomes as well as in treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases in the clinic. The authors summarize the literature reports, introduce the recent acquired response characteristics of natural immune cells, and stimulate researchers to carry out more exploration in this field by fully discussing the heterogeneity and plasticity of natural immune cell types and the outstanding problems in related field.
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Objective To investigate the influence and clinical significance of desensitization therapy on pe-ripheral blood type Ⅱ innate lymphocytes(ILC2s)in children patients with bronchial asthma.Methods 30 children patients with bronchial asthma in this hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were selected and randomly divided into the simple medication treatment group(n=15)and medication combined desensitization treatment group(n=15),meanwhile 15 healthy children undergoing physical examination were selected as the control group.The flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect peripheral blood ILC2 and IL-13,IL-15,IL-33 expression levels before and after treatment.Results The peripheral blood ILC2s level in the simple medication treatment group and medication combined desensitization treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);the peripheral blood ILC2s level after 1-year treatment in the simple medication treatment was still higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);the pe-ripheral blood ILC2s level after 2-month treatment in the medication combined desensitization treatment group was decreased compared with before treatment(P<0.05),which had no statistical difference compared with the control group(P>0.05).The peripheral blood IL-5,IL-13 and IL-33 levels in the simple medication treat-ment group and medication combined desensitization treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The peripheral blood IL-5,IL-13 and IL-33 levels after 1-year treatment in the simple medication treatment group were still higher than those in the control group(P<0.05);the peripheral
ABSTRACT
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes,Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.The exact etiology of IBD still remains unknown,although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity.Innate immunity is the fast line of defense against the invasion of various pathogenic microorganisms.The innate immune cells,including neutrophils,macrophages,dendritic cells and innate lymphocytes,play an important role in the occurrence,development and prognosis of IBD.In this paper,we review the research progress on the role of innate immune cells in the pathogenesis of IBD in order to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis research and clinical treatment of IBD.
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Liver regeneration depends on powerful immune system of ownself. TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-6,IL-12,etc. that secreted by innate immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells,NK cells and NKT cells,could act on the hepatocytes and regulate liver regen-eration (LR) through corresponding signaling pathways. This article summarizes the mechanism of different innate immune cells on hep-atocytes,clarifies the recent advances of liver innate immune cellsduring liver regeneration process,lay the foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of the development of liver regeneration and liver diseases, and for the research and development of new therapeutic methods for liver diseases.
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La implantación de un embrión semialogénico en el útero materno constituye una paradoja inmunológica y es uno de los fenómenos que abre más interrogantes dentro del campo de la Inmunología. Mientras que en un determinado momento se consideró que la interfase materno-fetal era un sitio inmunológicamente privilegiado, hoy se sabe que ocurre un reconocimiento del feto semialogénico por el sistema inmune de la madre. Sin embargo, a pesar de este reconocimiento inmunológico se han descubierto varios mecanismos que pueden explicar el porqué la madre no rechaza al feto antigénicamente diferente. Estos mecanismos incluyen, tanto factores fetales como factores locales maternos, donde están incluidos los elementos de la respuesta inmunitaria adaptativa e innata. En este trabajo se hace referencia a la importante función que desempeñan las células asesinas naturales, las células dendríticas y los macrófagos en el embarazo(AU)
The implantation of a semiallogenic embryo in the womb is an immunological paradox and is one of the phenomena that open more questions in the field of immunology. While at one point it was considered that the maternal-fetal interface was an immunologically privileged site, now it is known that a fetus semiallogenic recognition by the immune system of the mother occurs. However, despite this immune recognition several mechanisms have been discovered that may explain why the mother does not reject the fetus antigenically different. These mechanisms include both fetal factors and local maternal factors, where the elements of innate and adaptive immune response are included. In this paper we refer to the important role of natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages in pregnancy(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Dendritic Cells , Killer Cells, Natural/physiology , Macrophages , Maternal-Fetal Relations , Pregnancy Maintenance/immunologyABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the impact of recombinant flagellin targeting TLR5 and NLRC4 simultaneously or respectively on innate immune cells in mice. Methods: Induction,expression,purification and identification of recombiant FliC,which were FliC(activating both TLR5 and NLRC4);FliCΔ90-97(unable to activate TLR5),FliC-L3A(unable to activate NLRC4),FliCΔ90-97:L3A(unable to activate both TLR5 and NLRC4). The mice were divided into five groups,namely group FliC,FliC-L3A,FliCΔ90-97,FliCΔ90-97:L3A and PBS,which were injected with 100μl PBS or 10μg recombinant flagellin intraperitoneally,three mice in each group. 12 h later,the mice were executed using dislocation of cervical vertebra and the splenic and peritoneal cells were isolated. The spleen was grinded into single-cell suspension. The proportion of neutrophils,NK cells,DCs and the expression level of CD80 and CD86 on DCs were evaluated with flow cytometry. Results:Group FliC,group FliC-L3A and group FliCΔ90-97 shared the similar proportion of neutrophils in peritoneal cavity ( P>0. 05 ) , and all of which were significantly higher than group PBS and group FliCΔ90-97 ( P<0. 01),and NK cells also showed the similar trend. Compared with group FliCΔ90-97 and FliCΔ90-97:L3A,the mean fluorescence intensities(MFIs) of CD80 and CD86 in group FliC and FliC-L3A increased significantly(P<0. 01). The proportion of Treg in spleen was highest among all groups. Conclusion:Activation of TLR5 and NLRC4 had similar chemotaxis of neutrophils and NK cells. The ex-pression of CD80 and CD86 on DCs were upregulated after stimulation by flagellin and TLR5-dependent. Activation of TLR5,but not NLRC4,increased the proportion of Treg in spleen.